Article retraction

Editors consider retracting an article if:

• it contains violations of professional ethical codes, such as false claims of authorship, plagiarism, fraudulent use of data, double publication, or any other practice or action considered potentially harmful to the scientific community;
• it contains significant errors (e.g., miscalculations or experimental errors);
• it contains errors that the authors have reported.

For any retracted article, the reason for the retraction and the initiator of the retraction will be clearly stated in the retraction notice, and the article will be clearly marked as retracted (the original article remains unchanged on each page of the PDF of the article, indicating that it has been “retracted”). The retraction notice, titled “Retraction: Article Title,” is published in the next issue of the journal.